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Furthermore, the effects of the numerous flavorings and additives in e-liquids on overall health are still not fully understood

Research indicates that it decreases progesterone levels and disrupts the patterns of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) during the lutealfollicular phase transition, potentially affecting fertility

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Establishing multidisciplinary collaborations would translate research evidence into actionable message design principles, assessment standards, and practical guidelines, providing evidence-based references for youth e-cigarette prevention education and fostering positive research-practice interactions.