In fact, studies suggest it takes significantly more force to produce symptoms in children, meaning that when symptoms do appear, the impact may have been more substantial (2)
Upon binding to IGF-1R, the peptide initiates multiple intracellular signaling cascades, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway, which regulates protein synthesis and cell growth, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which controls cell proliferation and survival
Previous studies have found that the mode of action of VOA against insect pests is that its components have a neurotoxic effect on insects, interrupting the function of octopamine, a neuromodulator, leading to a complete collapse of the insect nervous system (Kostyukovsky et al., 2002)
(PubMed) Clarke JD, Hsu A, Riedl K, et al