Specifically, these fucoidans have been found to mitigate the reduction in protein levels of the antioxidant enzyme GPX4, offering partial protection against erastin-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis in ARPE-19 cells ( 3.2.5 Vitamin A metabolites Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is a fat-soluble vitamin that serves as a precursor for various bioactive substances, including retinaldehyde (retinal) and different forms of retinoic acid ( 3.3 Pharmacodynamic elements from traditional Chinese medicine 3.3.1 Puerarin Puerarin (C21H20O9), a natural isoflavone derived from Pueraria lobata and utilized in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been proven to possess preventive properties against iron overload (Song et al., 2020)

Antioxidants interfere with this decay process by scavenging radicals, and their radical-scavenging capacity is quantified by calculating the net area under the time-dependent fluorescence decay curve (AUC) relative to the radical-exposed control (Miller et al., 1993
The antioxidant effect of NAC reduces the damage caused by various chemicals and radiation to testicular cells [130,131,132,133]
Healthy body skin requires regular care